---
name: academic-plotting
description: Generates publication-quality figures for ML papers from research context. Given a paper section or description, extracts system components and relationships to generate architecture diagrams via Gemini. Given experiment results or data, auto-selects chart type and generates data-driven figures via matplotlib/seaborn. Use when creating any figure for a conference paper.
version: 1.0.0
author: Orchestra Research
license: MIT
tags: [Academic Writing, Visualization, Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotting, Figures, Diagrams, NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, LaTeX]
dependencies: [matplotlib>=3.8.0, seaborn>=0.13.0, numpy, google-genai>=1.0.0]
---

# Academic Plotting for ML Papers

Generate publication-quality figures for ML/AI conference papers. Two distinct workflows:

1. **Diagram figures** (architecture, system design, workflows, pipelines) — AI image generation via Gemini
2. **Data figures** (line charts, bar charts, scatter plots, heatmaps, ablations) — matplotlib/seaborn

## When to Use Which Workflow

| Figure Type | Tool | Why |
|-------------|------|-----|
| Architecture / system diagram | Gemini (Workflow 1) | Complex spatial layouts with boxes, arrows, labels |
| Workflow / pipeline / lifecycle | Gemini (Workflow 1) | Multi-step processes with connections |
| Bar chart, line plot, scatter | matplotlib (Workflow 2) | Precise numerical data, reproducible |
| Heatmap, confusion matrix | matplotlib/seaborn (Workflow 2) | Structured grid data |
| Ablation table as chart | matplotlib (Workflow 2) | Grouped bars or line comparisons |
| Pie / donut chart | matplotlib (Workflow 2) | Proportional data (use sparingly in ML papers) |
| Training curves | matplotlib (Workflow 2) | Loss/accuracy over steps/epochs |

**Rule of thumb**: If the figure has numerical axes, use matplotlib. If the figure has boxes and arrows, use Gemini.

---

## Step 0: Context Analysis & Extraction

The user will typically provide one of these inputs — not a ready-made specification:

| Input Type | Example | What to Extract |
|-----------|---------|-----------------|
| Full paper / section draft | "Here's our method section..." | System components, their relationships, data flow |
| Description paragraph | "Our system has three layers that..." | Key entities, hierarchy, connections |
| Raw results / data table | "MMLU: 85.2, HumanEval: 72.1..." | Metrics, methods, comparison structure |
| CSV / JSON data | Experiment log files | Variables, trends, grouping dimensions |
| Vague request | "Make a figure for the overview" | Read surrounding paper context to infer content |

### Extraction Workflow

**For diagrams** (research context → architecture figure):

1. **Read the provided context** — paper section, abstract, or description paragraph
2. **Identify visual entities** — What are the main components/modules/stages?
   - Look for: nouns that represent system parts, named modules, layers, stages
   - Count them: if >8 top-level entities, consider grouping into sections
3. **Identify relationships** — How do components connect?
   - Look for: verbs describing data flow ("sends to", "queries", "feeds into")
   - Classify: data flow (solid arrow), control flow (gray), error path (dashed red)
4. **Determine layout pattern**:
   - Sequential pipeline → left-to-right flow
   - Layered architecture → horizontal bands stacked vertically
   - Hub-and-spoke → central node with radiating connections
   - Hierarchical → top-down tree
5. **Assign colors** — One accent color per logical group/layer
6. **Write every label exactly** — Extract exact terminology from the paper text

**For data charts** (results → figure):

1. **Read the provided data** — table, paragraph with numbers, CSV, or JSON
2. **Identify dimensions**:
   - What is being compared? (methods, models, configurations) → categorical axis
   - What is the metric? (accuracy, loss, latency, F1) → value axis
   - Is there a time/step dimension? → line plot
   - Are there multiple metrics? → multi-panel or grouped bars
3. **Choose chart type** automatically using this priority:
   - Has a step/time axis → **line plot**
   - Comparing N methods on M benchmarks → **grouped bar chart**
   - Single ranking → **horizontal bar** (leaderboard)
   - Correlation between two continuous variables → **scatter plot**
   - Square matrix of values → **heatmap**
   - Proportional breakdown → **stacked bar** (avoid pie charts)
4. **Determine figure sizing** — Single column vs full width based on data density
5. **Highlight "our method"** — Identify which entry is the paper's contribution and give it a distinct color

### Auto-Detection Examples

**Context → Diagram**: "Our system has a Planner, Executor, and Verifier. Planner sends plans to Executor, Executor returns results to Verifier, Verifier feeds back to Planner on failure."
→ 3 entities, cycle layout, dashed feedback arrow → **Workflow 1 (Gemini)**

**Data → Chart**: "GPT-4: MMLU 86.4, HumanEval 67.0. Ours: 88.1, 71.2. Llama-3: 79.3, 62.1."
→ 3 methods × 2 benchmarks → **Workflow 2 (grouped bar)**, highlight "Ours" in coral

---

## Workflow 1: Architecture & System Diagrams (AI Image Generation)

Use Gemini 3 Pro Image Preview to generate diagrams. **Choose a visual style first** — this is the single biggest factor in whether the figure looks professional or generic.

### Visual Styles

Pick one style per paper (all figures should be consistent):

#### Style A: "Sketch / 简笔画" (Hand-Drawn)

Warm, approachable, memorable. Ideal for overview figures and system introductions. Looks like a whiteboard sketch refined by a designer.

```
VISUAL STYLE — HAND-DRAWN SKETCH:
- Slightly irregular, hand-drawn line quality — lines wobble gently, not perfectly straight
- Rounded, soft shapes with visible pen strokes (like drawn with a thick felt-tip marker)
- Warm off-white background (#FAFAF7), NOT pure white
- Fill colors are soft watercolor-like washes: muted blue (#D6E4F0), soft peach (#F5DEB3),
  light sage (#D4E6D4), pale lavender (#E6DFF0)
- Borders are dark charcoal (#2C2C2C) with 2-3px line weight, slightly uneven
- Arrows are hand-drawn with slight curves, ending in simple open arrowheads (not filled triangles)
- Text uses a rounded sans-serif font (like Comic Neue or Architects Daughter feel)
- Small doodle-style icons inside boxes: a tiny gear ⚙ for processing, a lightbulb 💡 for ideas,
  a magnifying glass 🔍 for search — rendered as simple line drawings, NOT emoji
- Overall feel: a carefully drawn whiteboard diagram, clean but with personality
- NO clip art, NO stock icons, NO photorealistic elements
```

#### Style B: "Modern Minimal" (Clean & Bold)

Confident, authoritative. Best for method figures where precision matters.

```
VISUAL STYLE — MODERN MINIMAL:
- Ultra-clean geometric shapes with crisp edges
- Bold color blocks as backgrounds for sections — NOT just accent bars, but full section fills
  using desaturated tones: slate blue (#E8EDF2), warm sand (#F5F0E8), cool mint (#E8F2EE)
- Component boxes have ROUNDED CORNERS (12px radius), NO visible border — they float on
  the section background using subtle shadow (1px, 4px blur, rgba(0,0,0,0.06))
- ONE accent color per section used sparingly on key elements: Deep blue (#2563EB),
  Emerald (#059669), Amber (#D97706), Rose (#E11D48)
- Arrows are thin (1.5px), dark gray (#6B7280), with small filled circle at source
  and clean arrowhead at target — NOT thick colored arrows
- Typography: Inter or system sans-serif, title 600 weight, body 400 weight
- Labels INSIDE boxes, not beside them
- Generous whitespace — at least 24px between elements
- NO decorative elements, NO icons — let the structure speak
```

#### Style C: "Illustrated Technical" (Icon-Rich)

Engaging, explanatory. Good for tutorial-style papers and figures that need to be self-explanatory.

```
VISUAL STYLE — ILLUSTRATED TECHNICAL:
- Each major component has a small MEANINGFUL ICON drawn in a consistent line-art style
  (single color, 2px stroke, ~24x24px): brain icon for reasoning, database cylinder for storage,
  arrow-loop for iteration, network nodes for communication
- Components sit inside soft rounded rectangles with a LEFT COLOR STRIP (4px wide)
- Background is pure white, but each logical group has a very faint colored region behind it
  (#F8FAFC for blue group, #FFF8F0 for orange group)
- Connections use CURVED bezier paths (not straight lines), colored by SOURCE component
- Key data flows are THICKER (3px) than secondary flows (1px, dashed)
- Small annotation badges on arrows: "×N" for repeated operations, "optional" in italics
- Title labels are ABOVE each section in small caps, letter-spaced
- Overall: like a well-designed API documentation diagram
```

#### Style D: "Accent Bar" (Classic Academic)

The default academic style. Safe for any venue, works well in grayscale.

```
VISUAL STYLE — CLASSIC ACCENT BAR:
- Horizontal section bands stacked vertically, pale gray (#F7F7F5) fill
- Thick colored LEFT ACCENT BAR (8px) distinguishes each section
- Content boxes: white fill, thin #DDD border, 4px rounded corners
- Section palette: Blue #4A90D9, Teal #5BA58B, Amber #D4A252, Slate #7B8794
- Sans-serif typography (Helvetica/Arial), bold titles, regular body
- Colored arrows match their SOURCE section
- Clean, flat, zero decoration
```

### Curated Color Palettes

**"Ocean Dusk"** (professional, calming — default recommendation):
`#264653` deep teal, `#2A9D8F` teal, `#E9C46A` gold, `#F4A261` sandy orange, `#E76F51` burnt coral

**"Ink & Wash"** (for 简笔画 style):
`#2C2C2C` charcoal ink, `#D6E4F0` washed blue, `#F5DEB3` washed wheat, `#D4E6D4` washed sage, `#E6DFF0` washed lavender

**"Nord"** (for modern minimal):
`#2E3440` polar night, `#5E81AC` frost blue, `#A3BE8C` aurora green, `#EBCB8B` aurora yellow, `#BF616A` aurora red

**"Okabe-Ito"** (universal colorblind-safe, required for data charts):
`#E69F00` orange, `#56B4E9` sky blue, `#009E73` green, `#F0E442` yellow, `#0072B2` blue, `#D55E00` vermillion, `#CC79A7` pink

### Checklist

- [ ] **Extract from context**: Read paper/description, identify entities and relationships
- [ ] **Choose visual style** (A/B/C/D) — match the paper's tone and venue
- [ ] **Choose color palette** — or use one consistent with existing paper figures
- [ ] Obtain Gemini API key (`GEMINI_API_KEY` env var)
- [ ] Write a detailed prompt: style block + layout + connections + constraints
- [ ] Generate script at `figures/gen_fig_<name>.py`, run for 3 attempts
- [ ] Review, select best, save as `figures/fig_<name>.png`

### Prompt Structure (6 Sections)

Every Gemini prompt must include these sections in order:

```
1. FRAMING (5 lines): "Create a [STYLE_NAME]-style technical diagram for a
   [VENUE] paper. The diagram should feel [ADJECTIVES]..."

2. VISUAL STYLE (20-30 lines): Copy the full style block from above (A/B/C/D).
   This is the most important section — it determines the entire visual character.

3. COLOR PALETTE (10 lines): Exact hex codes for every color used.

4. LAYOUT (50-150 lines): Every component, box, section — exact text, spatial
   arrangement, and grouping. Be exhaustively specific.

5. CONNECTIONS (30-80 lines): Every arrow individually — source, target, style,
   label, routing direction.

6. CONSTRAINTS (10 lines): What NOT to include. Adapt per style — e.g., sketch
   style allows slight irregularity but still no clip art.
```

### Generation Script Template

```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Generate [FIGURE_NAME] diagram using Gemini image generation."""
import os, sys, time
from google import genai

API_KEY = os.environ.get("GEMINI_API_KEY")
if not API_KEY:
    print("ERROR: Set GEMINI_API_KEY environment variable.")
    print("  Get a key at: https://aistudio.google.com/apikey")
    sys.exit(1)

MODEL = "gemini-3-pro-image-preview"
OUTPUT_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
client = genai.Client(api_key=API_KEY)

PROMPT = """
[PASTE YOUR 6-SECTION PROMPT HERE]
"""

def generate_image(prompt_text, attempt_num):
    print(f"\n{'='*60}\nAttempt {attempt_num}\n{'='*60}")
    try:
        response = client.models.generate_content(
            model=MODEL,
            contents=prompt_text,
            config=genai.types.GenerateContentConfig(
                response_modalities=["IMAGE", "TEXT"],
            ),
        )
        output_path = os.path.join(OUTPUT_DIR, f"fig_NAME_attempt{attempt_num}.png")
        for part in response.candidates[0].content.parts:
            if part.inline_data:
                with open(output_path, "wb") as f:
                    f.write(part.inline_data.data)
                print(f"Saved: {output_path} ({os.path.getsize(output_path):,} bytes)")
                return output_path
            elif part.text:
                print(f"Text: {part.text[:300]}")
        print("WARNING: No image in response")
        return None
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"ERROR: {e}")
        return None

def main():
    results = []
    for i in range(1, 4):
        if i > 1:
            time.sleep(2)
        path = generate_image(PROMPT, i)
        if path:
            results.append(path)
    if not results:
        print("All attempts failed!")
        sys.exit(1)
    print(f"\nGenerated {len(results)} attempts. Review and pick the best.")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

### Key Rules

- **Always 3 attempts** — quality varies significantly between runs
- **Style block is mandatory** — without it, Gemini defaults to generic corporate look
- **Never hardcode API keys** — use `os.environ.get("GEMINI_API_KEY")`
- **Save generation scripts** — reproducibility is critical
- **Specify every label exactly** — Gemini may misspell or rearrange text

**Full prompt examples per style**: See [references/diagram-generation.md](references/diagram-generation.md)

---

## Workflow 2: Data-Driven Charts (matplotlib/seaborn)

For any figure with numerical data, axes, or quantitative comparisons.

### Checklist

- [ ] **Extract from context**: Parse results/data, identify methods, metrics, and comparison structure
- [ ] **Auto-select chart type** based on data dimensions (see decision guide below)
- [ ] Prepare data (CSV, dict, or inline arrays)
- [ ] Apply publication styling (fonts, colors, sizes)
- [ ] Highlight "our method" with a distinct color
- [ ] Export as both PDF (vector) and PNG (300 DPI)
- [ ] Verify LaTeX font compatibility
- [ ] Save script at `figures/gen_fig_<name>.py`

### Chart Type Decision Guide

| Data Pattern | Best Chart | Notes |
|-------------|------------|-------|
| Trend over time/steps | Line plot | Training curves, scaling laws |
| Comparing categories | Grouped bar chart | Model comparisons, ablations |
| Distribution | Violin / box plot | Score distributions across methods |
| Correlation | Scatter plot | Embedding analysis, metric correlation |
| Grid of values | Heatmap | Attention maps, confusion matrices |
| Part of whole | Stacked bar (not pie) | Prefer stacked bar over pie in ML papers |
| Many methods, one metric | Horizontal bar | Leaderboard-style comparisons |

### Publication Styling Template

```python
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# --- Publication defaults (polished, not generic) ---
plt.rcParams.update({
    "font.family": "serif", "font.serif": ["Times New Roman", "DejaVu Serif"],
    "font.size": 10, "axes.titlesize": 11, "axes.titleweight": "bold",
    "axes.labelsize": 10, "legend.fontsize": 8.5, "legend.frameon": False,
    "figure.dpi": 300, "savefig.dpi": 300, "savefig.bbox": "tight",
    "axes.spines.top": False, "axes.spines.right": False,
    "axes.grid": True, "grid.alpha": 0.15, "grid.linestyle": "-",
    "lines.linewidth": 1.8, "lines.markersize": 5,
})

# --- "Ocean Dusk" palette (professional, distinctive, colorblind-safe) ---
COLORS = ["#264653", "#2A9D8F", "#E9C46A", "#F4A261", "#E76F51",
          "#0072B2", "#56B4E9", "#8C8C8C"]
OUR_COLOR = "#E76F51"       # coral — warm, stands out
BASELINE_COLOR = "#B0BEC5"  # cool gray — recedes
FIG_SINGLE, FIG_FULL = (3.25, 2.5), (6.75, 2.8)
```

### Common Chart Patterns

**Line plot (training curves)** — with markers and confidence bands:

```python
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=FIG_SINGLE)
markers = ["o", "s", "^", "D", "v"]
for i, (method, (mean, std)) in enumerate(results.items()):
    color = OUR_COLOR if method == "Ours" else COLORS[i]
    ax.plot(steps, mean, label=method, color=color,
            marker=markers[i % 5], markevery=max(1, len(steps)//8),
            markersize=4, zorder=3)
    ax.fill_between(steps, mean - std, mean + std, color=color, alpha=0.12)
ax.set_xlabel("Training Steps")
ax.set_ylabel("Accuracy (%)")
ax.legend(loc="lower right")
fig.savefig("figures/fig_training.pdf")
fig.savefig("figures/fig_training.png", dpi=300)
```

**Grouped bar chart (ablation)** — with value labels:

```python
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=FIG_FULL)
x = np.arange(len(categories))
n = len(methods)
width = 0.7 / n
for i, (method, scores) in enumerate(methods.items()):
    color = OUR_COLOR if method == "Ours" else COLORS[i]
    offset = (i - n / 2 + 0.5) * width
    bars = ax.bar(x + offset, scores, width * 0.9, label=method, color=color,
                  edgecolor="white", linewidth=0.5)
    for bar, s in zip(bars, scores):
        ax.text(bar.get_x() + bar.get_width()/2, bar.get_height() + 0.3,
                f"{s:.1f}", ha="center", va="bottom", fontsize=7, color="#444")
ax.set_xticks(x)
ax.set_xticklabels(categories)
ax.set_ylabel("Score")
ax.legend(ncol=min(n, 4))
fig.savefig("figures/fig_ablation.pdf")
```

**Heatmap** — with diverging colormap and clean borders:

```python
import seaborn as sns
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(4, 3.5))
sns.heatmap(matrix, annot=True, fmt=".2f", cmap="YlOrRd", ax=ax,
            cbar_kws={"shrink": 0.75, "aspect": 20},
            linewidths=1.5, linecolor="white",
            annot_kws={"size": 8, "weight": "medium"})
ax.set_xlabel("Predicted")
ax.set_ylabel("Actual")
fig.savefig("figures/fig_confusion.pdf")
```

**Horizontal bar (leaderboard)** — with "our method" highlight:

```python
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=FIG_SINGLE)
y_pos = np.arange(len(models))
colors = [BASELINE_COLOR] * len(models)
colors[our_idx] = OUR_COLOR
bars = ax.barh(y_pos, scores, color=colors, height=0.55,
               edgecolor="white", linewidth=0.5)
ax.set_yticks(y_pos)
ax.set_yticklabels(models)
ax.set_xlabel("Accuracy (%)")
ax.invert_yaxis()
for bar, s in zip(bars, scores):
    ax.text(bar.get_width() + 0.3, bar.get_y() + bar.get_height()/2,
            f"{s:.1f}", va="center", fontsize=8, color="#444")
fig.savefig("figures/fig_leaderboard.pdf")
```

**Full pattern library** (scaling laws, violin plots, multi-panel, radar): See [references/data-visualization.md](references/data-visualization.md)

---

## Publication Style Quick Reference

| Venue | Single Col | Full Width | Font |
|-------|-----------|------------|------|
| NeurIPS | 5.5 in | 5.5 in | Times |
| ICML | 3.25 in | 6.75 in | Times |
| ICLR | 5.5 in | 5.5 in | Times |
| ACL | 3.3 in | 6.8 in | Times |
| AAAI | 3.3 in | 7.0 in | Times |

**Always export PDF** for vector quality. PNG only for AI-generated diagrams.

**Venue-specific details, LaTeX integration, font matching, accessibility checklist**: See [references/style-guide.md](references/style-guide.md)

---

## Common Issues

| Issue | Solution |
|-------|----------|
| Fonts look wrong in LaTeX | Export PDF, set `text.usetex=True`, or use `font.family=serif` |
| Figure too large for column | Check venue width limits, use `figsize` in inches |
| Colors indistinguishable in print | Use colorblind-safe palette + different line styles/markers |
| Gemini misspells labels | Spell out every label exactly in prompt, add "SPELL EXACTLY" constraint |
| Gemini ignores style | Add more negative constraints, be more specific about hex colors |
| Blurry figures in PDF | Export as PDF (vector), not PNG; or use 300+ DPI for PNG |
| Legend overlaps data | Use `bbox_to_anchor`, `loc="upper left"`, or external legend |
| Too many tick labels | Use `ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(MaxNLocator(5))` |

## When to Use vs Alternatives

| Need | This Skill | Alternative |
|------|-----------|-------------|
| Architecture diagrams | Gemini generation | TikZ (manual), draw.io (interactive), Mermaid (simple) |
| Data charts | matplotlib/seaborn | Plotly (interactive), R/ggplot2 (statistics-heavy) |
| Full paper writing | Use with `ml-paper-writing` | — |
| Poster figures | Larger fonts, wider | `latex-posters` skill |
| Presentation figures | Larger text, fewer details | PowerPoint/Keynote export |

---

## Quick Reference: File Naming Convention

```
figures/
├── gen_fig_<name>.py      # Generation script (always save for reproducibility)
├── fig_<name>.pdf         # Final vector output (for LaTeX)
├── fig_<name>.png         # Raster output (300 DPI, for AI-generated or fallback)
└── fig_<name>_attempt*.png # Gemini attempts (keep for comparison)
```