---
name: ahr-sources-and-archives
description: Use when handling primary sources and archives for an American Historical Review (AHR) manuscript — distinguishing primary from secondary, criticizing sources, citing manuscripts and collections in Chicago notes, and clearing image permissions. The AHR judges history on the quality and criticism of its evidence. Strengthens source work; it does not invent archival material.
---

# Sources & Archives (ahr-sources-and-archives)

History at the AHR stands or falls on its **primary sources** and on how critically you read them. This
skill is about marshaling evidence, **source criticism**, citing archival material correctly, and the
author's responsibilities for images and permissions. It does not, ever, license inventing or
embellishing a source.

## When to trigger

- Assembling and citing the primary-source base for the argument
- Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary for *your* question
- A reader doubted your reading of a document or asked about provenance
- Preparing images/figures and clearing reproduction rights

## Primary vs. secondary (it depends on your question)

- **Primary:** evidence produced within the period/context you study — manuscripts, correspondence,
  records, newspapers, objects, images, oral testimony, material culture.
- **Secondary:** later scholarly interpretation. A historian's monograph is secondary for events but
  can be a *primary* source for the historiography you analyze.

## Source criticism (the historian's core discipline)

1. **Provenance & genre.** Who made this, when, why, for whom? What kind of document is it, and what
   conventions govern it?
2. **Reliability & bias.** What interests shape it? What does it have reason to distort or omit?
3. **Silences.** Whose voices are absent from the archive, and how does that shape what you can claim?
   Read along *and against* the grain.
4. **Representativeness.** Is this typical or exceptional? Do not generalize from one striking document.
5. **Language & translation.** Quote load-bearing wording in the original; supply your translation and
   note it.

## Citing sources (Chicago notes — see `ahr-citation-and-style`)

- Cite unpublished material by **archive, collection, series, box/folder, and document/date**.
- For digitized sources, cite the **original** plus the **database/stable URL** and date consulted.
- All citation lives in the **notes** — no bibliography or in-text parenthetical citation.

## Images, figures & permissions (author's responsibility)

- Obtain **reproduction permissions and rights clearance yourself**; budget time and any fees.
- Supply **alt-text** for every image (the AHR requires it directly under the figure legend).
- Provide full credit lines and source citations for each figure.

## Anti-patterns

- Treating a document as a transparent window onto "what happened"
- Generalizing from one vivid source without weighing representativeness
- Ignoring the archive's silences and the perspectives it excludes
- Vague citations ("National Archives") with no collection/box/folder
- Assuming images are free to reproduce; leaving permissions to the last minute

## Output format

```
【Core sources】the key primary materials and where they live
【Source criticism】provenance / bias / silences / representativeness per key source
【Primary vs secondary】any borderline cases resolved for this question
【Citation form】archive + collection + box/folder noted? [Y/N]
【Images】permissions plan + alt-text drafted? [Y/N]
【Next】ahr-interpretation-and-method
```

## Supplementary resources

- [`../../resources/external_tools.md`](../../resources/external_tools.md) — archives, finding aids, databases, transcription/OCR tools
- [`../../resources/official-source-map.md`](../../resources/official-source-map.md) — AHR image alt-text and permissions expectations