--- name: Citation Styles description: >- Concrete citation format templates for 6 major academic styles: APA 7th, IEEE, Harvard, MLA 9th, Chicago 17th, and GB/T 7714-2015. Provides copy-paste-ready patterns with field placeholders for journal articles, books, conference papers, and more. --- # Citation Styles Reference ## When to Read This Skill Read this skill when the user asks to: - Format citations in a specific style (APA, IEEE, Harvard, MLA, Chicago, GB/T) - Generate a reference list or bibliography - Convert citations between styles - Check citation format correctness - Format Chinese-language (中文) references **Default**: If the user says "just pick one," use APA 7th (most widely accepted). --- ## 1. APA 7th Edition (American Psychological Association) ### In-text Citation | Pattern | Example | |:--------|:--------| | Parenthetical | (Smith, 2024) | | Narrative | Smith (2024) | | Two authors | (Smith & Jones, 2024) / Smith and Jones (2024) | | 3+ authors | (Smith et al., 2024) / Smith et al. (2024) | | Multiple works | (Chen, 2023; Smith, 2024) | | Direct quote | (Smith, 2024, p. 15) | | Organization | (World Health Organization [WHO], 2024) — first use; (WHO, 2024) — subsequent | ### Reference List Templates **Journal Article** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}., & {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. ({Year}). {Article title: Only first word and proper nouns capitalized}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), {StartPage}-{EndPage}. https://doi.org/{DOI} ``` > Zhang, L., Wang, R., & Chen, H. (2024). Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. *Nature Methods*, *21*(3), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5 **Book** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Book title: Sentence case in italic} ({Edition} ed.). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI} ``` > Creswell, J. W. (2023). *Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches* (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. **Book Chapter** ``` {ChapterAuthor}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Chapter title}. In {EditorInitials} {EditorLastName} (Ed.), {Book title in italic} (pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI} ``` > Liu, M. (2024). Neural network architectures. In R. Chen & S. Wang (Eds.), *Advances in artificial intelligence* (pp. 45-78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12345-6_3 **Conference Paper** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Paper title}. In {Proceedings title in italic} (pp. {Pages}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI} ``` > Kim, J., & Park, S. (2024). Transformer models for scientific text mining. In *Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL* (pp. 1234-1245). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123 **Preprint** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Title}. {Archive Name}. https://doi.org/{DOI} ``` > Li, X., & Zhou, Y. (2024). Self-supervised learning for molecular property prediction. *arXiv*. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2024.01234 **Website** ``` {Author or Organization}. ({Year, Month Day}). {Page title in italic}. {Site Name}. {URL} ``` > National Institutes of Health. (2024, March 15). *Climate change and human health research*. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health **Dataset** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Dataset title} (Version {X}) [Data set]. {Repository}. https://doi.org/{DOI} ``` > Johnson, A. E. W. (2023). *MIMIC-IV clinical database* (Version 2.2) [Data set]. PhysioNet. https://doi.org/10.13026/6mm1-ek67 ### Key Rules - Hanging indent (0.5 in / 1.27 cm) for each entry - DOI formatted as a URL: `https://doi.org/xxxxx` - List up to **20 authors**; for 21+, list first 19, then `...` then last author - Use `&` before the last author (not "and") - Sentence case for article/chapter/book titles; title case for journal names - Alphabetical order by first author's last name - Same-author-same-year: append a, b, c (Smith, 2024a; Smith, 2024b) --- ## 2. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) ### In-text Citation | Pattern | Example | |:--------|:--------| | Single | [1] | | Multiple | [1], [3] | | Range | [1]-[5] | | With context | As shown in [1], the method... | References are **numbered in order of first appearance** in the text. ### Reference List Templates **Journal Article** ``` [{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Article title}," {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}, {Month} {Year}, doi: {DOI}. ``` > [1] L. Zhang and R. Wang, "Deep learning for protein folding," *Nature Methods*, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 245-260, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5. **Conference Paper** ``` [{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Paper title}," in {Proc. Conference Name in Italic}, {City}, {State/Country}, {Year}, pp. {Pages}, doi: {DOI}. ``` > [2] J. Kim and S. Park, "Transformer models for NLP," in *Proc. 62nd Annu. Meeting ACL*, Bangkok, Thailand, 2024, pp. 1234-1245, doi: 10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123. **Book** ``` [{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, {Book Title in Italic}, {Edition} ed. {City}, {State/Country}: {Publisher}, {Year}. ``` > [3] J. W. Creswell, *Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches*, 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE, 2023. **Online Source** ``` [{N}] {Author/Organization}, "{Page title}," {Website Name}, {Date}. [Online]. Available: {URL}. [Accessed: {Date}]. ``` > [4] National Institutes of Health, "Climate change and health," *NIH Research*, Mar. 15, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health. [Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024]. **Technical Report** ``` [{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Report title}," {Institution}, {City}, {State/Country}, Rep. {Number}, {Year}. ``` > [5] A. B. Smith, "Performance analysis of 5G networks," MIT Lincoln Lab., Lexington, MA, USA, Rep. TR-2024-01, 2024. **Patent** ``` [{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Patent title}," {Country} Patent {Number}, {Month} {Day}, {Year}. ``` > [6] J. Chen, "Method for neural signal processing," U.S. Patent 11 234 567, Jan. 15, 2024. ### Key Rules - Abbreviated first names: J. Smith (not John Smith) - Article/chapter titles in "double quotes" - Book and journal titles in *italic* - Abbreviate journal names per IEEE standard (e.g., *IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.*) - Abbreviate months: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec. - All authors listed (no "et al." in reference list; use "et al." only for 7+ authors) - Numbered sequentially — order of first citation, not alphabetical --- ## 3. Harvard (Author-Date) ### In-text Citation | Pattern | Example | |:--------|:--------| | Parenthetical | (Smith 2024) | | Narrative | Smith (2024) | | Two authors | (Smith and Jones 2024) | | 3+ authors | (Smith et al. 2024) | | Multiple works | (Chen 2023; Smith 2024) | | Direct quote | (Smith 2024, p. 15) | | No date | (Smith n.d.) | Note: No comma between author and year (unlike APA). ### Reference List Templates **Journal Article** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}. and {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. {Year}. {Article title}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}. doi:{DOI}. ``` > Zhang, L., Wang, R. and Chen, H. 2024. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. *Nature Methods*, 21(3), pp.245-260. doi:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5. **Book** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}. ``` > Creswell, J.W. 2023. *Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches*. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. **Book Chapter** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Chapter title}. In: {EditorLastName}, {Initials}. ed(s). {Book Title in Italic}. {Place}: {Publisher}, pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}. ``` > Liu, M. 2024. Neural network architectures. In: Chen, R. and Wang, S. eds. *Advances in Artificial Intelligence*. Berlin: Springer, pp.45-78. **Conference Paper** ``` {LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Paper title}. In: {Conference Name in Italic}. {Place}, {Date}. {Publisher}, pp.{Pages}. ``` > Kim, J. and Park, S. 2024. Transformer models for scientific text mining. In: *62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL*. Bangkok, 12-17 Aug. 2024. ACL, pp.1234-1245. **Web Page** ``` {Author/Organization}. {Year}. {Title in Italic}. [online] Available at: {URL} [Accessed {Day} {Month} {Year}]. ``` > National Institutes of Health. 2024. *Climate Change and Human Health Research*. [online] Available at: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health [Accessed 20 Mar. 2024]. ### Key Rules - Alphabetical order by first author's last name - No numbering — entries not numbered - Year immediately after author name (not in parentheses in reference list) - "and" between authors (not "&") - Include [Accessed date] for all online sources - Title case for book titles; sentence case varies by institution — follow target journal's guide - Harvard has no single governing body — minor variations exist across institutions --- ## 4. MLA 9th Edition (Modern Language Association) ### In-text Citation | Pattern | Example | |:--------|:--------| | Parenthetical | (Smith 15) | | Narrative | Smith argues that "..." (15) | | Two authors | (Smith and Jones 15) | | 3+ authors | (Smith et al. 15) | | No page number | (Smith) | | Multiple works | (Smith 12; Jones 34) | | No author | ("Article Title" 15) | Note: No comma between author and page number. No "p." before page number. ### Works Cited Templates MLA uses a **containers model**: each source sits inside one or more containers (journal, website, database). **Core template**: ``` {Author}. "{Source Title}." {Container Title in Italic}, {Other Contributors}, {Version}, {Number}, {Publisher}, {Date}, {Location (pages/URL/DOI)}. ``` **Journal Article** ``` {LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}. {Database in Italic}, {DOI or URL}. ``` > Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." *Nature Methods*, vol. 21, no. 3, 2024, pp. 245-60. *Nature*, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5. **Book** ``` {LastName}, {FirstName}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition}, {Publisher}, {Year}. ``` > Creswell, John W. *Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches*. 6th ed., SAGE Publications, 2023. **Book Chapter** ``` {LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Publisher}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}. ``` > Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." *Advances in Artificial Intelligence*, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, Springer, 2024, pp. 45-78. **Website** ``` {Author}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name in Italic}, {Publisher (if different from site name)}, {Day} {Month} {Year}, {URL}. ``` > "Climate Change and Human Health Research." *National Institutes of Health*, 15 Mar. 2024, www.nih.gov/climate-health. **Film / Video** ``` {Title in Italic}. Directed by {Director Name}, {Production Company}, {Year}. ``` > *Oppenheimer*. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Universal Pictures, 2023. ### Key Rules - Title case for all titles - Article/chapter/webpage titles in "double quotes" - Book/journal/website names in *italic* - Full first names (not initials) for authors - No year in parenthetical in-text citation — use page numbers - Works Cited list alphabetized by author last name - Hanging indent, double-spaced - Abbreviate months (except May, June, July): Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. - Shorten page ranges: 245-60 (not 245-260) for numbers above 100 --- ## 5. Chicago 17th Edition (Notes-Bibliography) Chicago has two systems. This section covers **Notes-Bibliography** (used in humanities). For Author-Date (used in sciences), follow a pattern similar to Harvard/APA. ### In-text: Footnotes/Endnotes First reference gets a **full note**; subsequent references use a **shortened note**. | Type | Format | |:-----|:-------| | Full note | {N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, {rest of citation}. | | Short note | {N}. {LastName}, {Short Title}, {Page}. | | Ibid. (immediately repeated) | {N}. Ibid., {Page}. | ### Note Templates (Full) vs Bibliography Templates **Journal Article** *Note (full):* ``` {N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Article Title}," {Journal Name in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}, https://doi.org/{DOI}. ``` > 1. Li Zhang, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction," *Nature Methods* 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5. *Note (short):* > 2. Zhang, Wang, and Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches," 250. *Bibliography:* ``` {LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}. https://doi.org/{DOI}. ``` > Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." *Nature Methods* 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5. **Book** *Note (full):* ``` {N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, {Title in Italic} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Page}. ``` > 3. John W. Creswell, *Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches*, 6th ed. (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023), 112. *Note (short):* > 4. Creswell, *Research Design*, 115. *Bibliography:* ``` {LastName}, {FirstName}. {Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}. ``` > Creswell, John W. *Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches*. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023. **Book Chapter** *Note (full):* ``` {N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Chapter Title}," in {Book Title in Italic}, ed. {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Pages}. ``` > 5. Min Liu, "Neural Network Architectures," in *Advances in Artificial Intelligence*, ed. Rui Chen and Shuai Wang (Berlin: Springer, 2024), 45-78. *Bibliography:* ``` {LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." In {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Pages}. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}. ``` > Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." In *Advances in Artificial Intelligence*, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, 45-78. Berlin: Springer, 2024. **Website** *Note (full):* ``` {N}. {Author/Organization}, "{Page Title}," {Site Name}, {Date}, {URL}. ``` > 6. National Institutes of Health, "Climate Change and Human Health Research," NIH, March 15, 2024, https://www.nih.gov/climate-health. *Bibliography:* ``` {Author/Organization}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name}. {Date}. {URL}. ``` > National Institutes of Health. "Climate Change and Human Health Research." NIH. March 15, 2024. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health. ### Key Rules - First note = full citation; subsequent = shortened (LastName, *Short Title*, page) - "Ibid." only when citing the same source as the immediately preceding note - Bibliography alphabetized by last name, hanging indent - Full first names in notes; last-name-first only for first author in bibliography - "and" between authors (not "&") - Publication details in parentheses in notes; no parentheses in bibliography - Page ranges: use full numbers (245-260, not 245-60) --- ## 6. GB/T 7714-2015 (中国国家标准) ### 文内引用 **顺序编码制**（理工科常用） | 模式 | 示例 | |:-----|:-----| | 单篇 | [1] | | 多篇连续 | [1-3] | | 多篇不连续 | [1,3,5] | | 引用页码 | [1]^{23-25} 或正文标注 | **著者-出版年制**（社科常用） | 模式 | 示例 | |:-----|:-----| | 单作者 | (张三, 2024) 或 (Smith, 2024) | | 双作者 | (张三和李四, 2024) 或 (Smith and Jones, 2024) | | 三人以上 | (张三等, 2024) 或 (Smith et al., 2024) | | 多篇 | (张三, 2023; 李四, 2024) | ### 文献类型标志（必须标注） | 标志 | 类型 | English | |:-----|:-----|:--------| | [J] | 期刊论文 | Journal article | | [M] | 专著/图书 | Monograph/Book | | [D] | 学位论文 | Dissertation/Thesis | | [C] | 会议论文 | Conference paper | | [EB/OL] | 电子文献（网络） | Electronic resource (online) | | [N] | 报纸文章 | Newspaper article | | [S] | 标准 | Standard | | [P] | 专利 | Patent | | [R] | 报告 | Report | | [Z] | 其他 | Other | ### 参考文献模板 **期刊论文 [J]** ``` [{序号}] {作者}. {文章题名}[J]. {刊名}, {年}, {卷}({期}): {起始页码}-{终止页码}. DOI:{DOI}. ``` > [1] 张磊, 王锐, 陈华. 基于深度学习的蛋白质结构预测方法研究[J]. 计算机学报, 2024, 47(3): 245-260. DOI:10.11897/SP.J.1016.2024.00245. **英文期刊论文 [J]** > [2] ZHANG L, WANG R, CHEN H. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction[J]. Nature Methods, 2024, 21(3): 245-260. DOI:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5. **专著/图书 [M]** ``` [{序号}] {作者}. {书名}[M]. {版本 (第1版不标注)}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {出版年}: {引用页码}. ``` > [3] 陈伟. 人工智能导论[M]. 第2版. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2024: 112-135. > [4] CRESWELL J W. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches[M]. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023. **学位论文 [D]** ``` [{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[D]. {保存地}: {保存单位}, {年份}. ``` > [5] 李晓明. 基于图神经网络的药物分子设计研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2024. **会议论文 [C]** ``` [{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[C]// {会议论文集名}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}: {页码}. ``` > [6] 王强, 赵丽. 大语言模型在科学发现中的应用[C]// 第二十三届中国计算语言学大会论文集. 哈尔滨: 中国中文信息学会, 2024: 45-52. **英文会议论文 [C]** > [7] KIM J, PARK S. Transformer models for scientific text mining[C]// Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL. Bangkok: ACL, 2024: 1234-1245. **电子文献 [EB/OL]** ``` [{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[EB/OL]. ({发表或更新日期})[{引用日期}]. {URL}. DOI:{DOI}. ``` > [8] 国家自然科学基金委员会. 2024年度项目指南[EB/OL]. (2024-01-15)[2024-03-20]. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab442/info92345.htm. **报纸文章 [N]** ``` [{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[N]. {报纸名}, {出版日期}({版次}). ``` > [9] 张伟. 人工智能赋能基础科学研究[N]. 科技日报, 2024-03-15(001). **标准 [S]** ``` [{序号}] {标准号} {标准名称}[S]. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}. ``` > [10] GB/T 7714-2015 信息与文献 参考文献著录规则[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2015. **专利 [P]** ``` [{序号}] {专利申请者或所有者}. {专利题名}: {专利号}[P]. {公告日期或公开日期}. ``` > [11] 华为技术有限公司. 一种神经网络模型压缩方法: CN202410123456.7[P]. 2024-06-15. ### 关键规则 - **文献类型标志**必须标注于题名后的方括号内，如 `[J]`、`[M]` - **作者姓名**：中文姓名全写；英文姓在前名缩写（ZHANG L）且全大写 - **3位以上作者**：列前3位，后加 "等" (中文) 或 "et al." (英文) - **DOI**：有 DOI 的文献必须著录 DOI - **引用日期**：电子文献 [EB/OL] 必须标注引用日期，格式 `[YYYY-MM-DD]` - **页码**：用起止页码，中间用连字符 - **第1版**不标注版次，第2版及以上标注 ### 中英文混排规则 - 英文文献中作者姓名全大写：`SMITH J, JONES R M` - 中文文献中作者姓名正常书写：`张磊, 王锐` - 同一参考文献表中，中英文文献按统一编号排列 - 顺序编码制：按引用顺序排列，不区分中英文 - 著者-出版年制：中英文混排时，通常中文在前英文在后，各自按拼音/字母排序 - 英文文献的题名首词首字母大写，其余小写（非专有名词） - 中文析出文献用 `//` 连接主文献（如会议论文集），英文用 `In:` 或 `//` --- ## Quick Comparison Table | Feature | APA 7 | IEEE | Harvard | MLA 9 | Chicago 17 | GB/T 7714 | |:--------|:------|:-----|:--------|:------|:-----------|:----------| | In-text | (Author, Year) | [1] | (Author Year) | (Author Page) | Footnote | [1] 或 (作者, 年) | | Order | Alphabetical | Appearance | Alphabetical | Alphabetical | Alphabetical | Appearance 或 alphabetical | | Author format | LastName, I. | I. LastName | LastName, I. | LastName, First | FirstName Last | 姓名全写/LAST I | | "And" | & | — | and | and | and | , (逗号) | | 3+ authors (in-text) | et al. | — | et al. | et al. | — | 等/et al. | | DOI | https://doi.org/... | doi: ... | doi:... | URL or DOI | https://doi.org/... | DOI:... | | Typical field | Social sciences | Engineering | UK/AU general | Humanities | History/Arts | 中国 (all fields) |