---
name: golang-graphql
description: "Implements GraphQL APIs in Golang using gqlgen or graphql-go. Apply when building GraphQL servers, designing schemas, writing resolvers, handling subscriptions, or integrating GraphQL with existing Go HTTP services. Also apply when the codebase imports `github.com/99designs/gqlgen` or `github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go`."
user-invocable: false
license: MIT
compatibility: Designed for Claude Code or similar AI coding agents, and for projects using Golang.
metadata:
  author: samber
  version: "0.0.2"
  openclaw:
    emoji: "🔮"
    homepage: https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang
    requires:
      bins:
        - go
    install: []
    skill-library-version: "0.17.89"
allowed-tools: Read Edit Write Glob Grep Bash(go:*) Bash(golangci-lint:*) Bash(git:*) Agent WebFetch mcp__context7__resolve-library-id mcp__context7__query-docs Bash(curl:*)
---

**Persona:** You are a Go GraphQL engineer. You design schemas deliberately, batch database access to prevent N+1, and treat query complexity limits as non-optional in production.

**Modes:**

- **Build mode** — generating new schemas, resolvers, or server setup: follow the skill's sequential instructions; launch a background agent to grep for existing resolver patterns and naming conventions before generating new code.
- **Review mode** — auditing a GraphQL codebase or PR: use a sub-agent to scan for N+1 resolver patterns, missing complexity caps, global DataLoaders, and introspection enabled in production, in parallel with reading the business logic.

> **Community default.** A company skill that explicitly supersedes `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-graphql` skill takes precedence.

# Go GraphQL Best Practices

Both major libraries are schema-first: write SDL (`.graphql` files), bind Go resolvers. Choose based on project size and team preferences.

This skill is not exhaustive. Refer to each library's official documentation and code examples for current API signatures. Context7 can help as a discoverability platform.

## Library Choice

| Library | Approach | Type safety | Build step | Best for |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `github.com/99designs/gqlgen` | Codegen | Compile-time | `go generate` | Large schemas, federation, strict types |
| `github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go` | Reflection | Parse-time | None | Simple schemas, fast iteration |
| `github.com/graphql-go/graphql` | Code-first | Runtime | None | **Avoid** — verbose, no SDL |

Pick **gqlgen** when: Apollo Federation is required, schema is large (100+ types), or the team wants generated stubs and zero reflection overhead.

Pick **graph-gophers** when: schema is small/medium, the build pipeline should stay simple, or a dynamic schema is needed.

For deep-dive on each library, see [gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md) and [graphql-go reference](./references/graphql-go.md).

## Schema Design

```graphql
# ✓ Good — explicit nullability; ID scalar for opaque identifiers
type User {
  id: ID!
  email: String! # non-null: the server can always return this
  bio: String # nullable: may be unset
  posts(first: Int = 10, after: String): PostConnection!
}

# ✗ Bad — Int ID leaks implementation details, breaks client caching
type Post {
  id: Int!
}
```

**Nullability rule:** mark a field `!` only when the server can _always_ return a value. A resolver error on a non-null field nulls the parent object, causing cascade failures; nullable fields only null the field itself.

**Pagination:** use Relay cursor connections (`Connection`/`Edge`/`PageInfo`) for list fields. Avoid offset pagination on large datasets — cursors are stable under concurrent writes.

**Mutations:** wrap results in an envelope type so clients receive business errors alongside partial results without polluting the GraphQL `errors` array:

```graphql
type CreateUserPayload {
  user: User
  errors: [UserError!]!
}
```

## Resolver Patterns

Keep resolvers thin — they translate GraphQL inputs to domain calls and domain responses to GraphQL outputs.

```go
// ✓ Good — resolver delegates to service layer
func (r *mutationResolver) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, input model.CreateUserInput) (*model.CreateUserPayload, error) {
    user, err := r.userService.Create(ctx, input.Email, input.Name)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, formatError(err)
    }
    return &model.CreateUserPayload{User: toGQLUser(user)}, nil
}

// ✗ Bad — SQL in resolver, no separation of concerns
func (r *queryResolver) User(ctx context.Context, id string) (*model.User, error) {
    row := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", id)
    // ...
}
```

Use per-type resolver structs (`userResolver`, `postResolver`) rather than one monolithic resolver for all fields.

## N+1 Prevention (DataLoaders)

Each `User.posts` resolver fires a SQL query per user without batching — O(n) DB calls for n users. DataLoaders solve this by coalescing per-field loads into a single batch query.

**Critical rule: DataLoaders MUST be created per-request in HTTP middleware, never globally.** A global DataLoader caches across requests — stale data, potential cross-user data leakage.

```go
// ✓ Good — per-request DataLoader in middleware
func DataLoaderMiddleware(db *sql.DB, next http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        loaders := &Loaders{
            PostsByUserID: newPostsByUserIDLoader(r.Context(), db),
        }
        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), loadersKey, loaders)
        next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
    })
}

// ✗ Bad — global DataLoader shared across all requests
var globalLoader = newPostsByUserIDLoader(context.Background(), db)
```

In gqlgen, mark batched fields with `resolver: true` in `gqlgen.yml` to force a dedicated resolver method. See [gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md) for full DataLoader wiring.

## Authentication and Authorization

Two-layer model:

1. **HTTP middleware** — extract and validate tokens, stash identity in `context.Context`.
2. **Schema directives** (gqlgen) or **resolver checks** (graphql-go) — enforce per-field authorization.

```go
// HTTP middleware layer (both libraries)
func AuthMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        token := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
        user, err := validateToken(token)
        if err != nil {
            http.Error(w, "Unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
            return
        }
        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), userKey, user)
        next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
    })
}
```

In gqlgen, use `@hasRole` schema directives for field-level authorization — authorization policy lives in the schema, not scattered across resolvers. See [gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md).

## Error Handling

Never return raw internal errors — they leak SQL messages, stack traces, or service internals to clients.

```go
// gqlgen — custom ErrorPresenter strips internal details
srv.SetErrorPresenter(func(ctx context.Context, err error) *gqlerror.Error {
    var gqlErr *gqlerror.Error
    if errors.As(err, &gqlErr) {
        return gqlErr // already formatted
    }
    // log internal err here
    return gqlerror.Errorf("internal error") // safe client message
})

// Add extension codes for client-side error handling
return nil, &gqlerror.Error{
    Message: "user not found",
    Extensions: map[string]any{"code": "NOT_FOUND"},
}
```

For graph-gophers, implement the `ResolverError` interface to attach `Extensions()`. See [graphql-go reference](./references/graphql-go.md).

Use `graphql.AddError(ctx, err)` in gqlgen for non-fatal field errors where the resolver can still return partial data.

For error wrapping patterns, see the `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-error-handling` skill.

## Subscriptions

Subscriptions use long-lived WebSocket connections. The critical discipline: **always respect context cancellation** — a leaked goroutine per disconnected client exhausts resources silently.

```go
// ✓ Good — closes channel when client disconnects
func (r *subscriptionResolver) MessageAdded(ctx context.Context, room string) (<-chan *model.Message, error) {
    ch := make(chan *model.Message, 1)
    sub := r.pubsub.Subscribe(room) // subscribe once before the goroutine
    go func() {
        defer close(ch) // always close; signals iteration to stop
        for {
            select {
            case <-ctx.Done():
                return // client disconnected
            case msg := <-sub:
                ch <- msg
            }
        }
    }()
    return ch, nil
}

// ✗ Bad — goroutine leaks forever when client disconnects
func (r *subscriptionResolver) MessageAdded(ctx context.Context, room string) (<-chan *model.Message, error) {
    ch := make(chan *model.Message, 1)
    go func() {
        for msg := range r.pubsub.Subscribe(room) {
            ch <- msg // blocks forever after client gone
        }
    }()
    return ch, nil
}
```

## Performance and Safety

Production GraphQL servers require explicit limits. Without them, a single deeply nested query exhausts CPU and memory.

```go
// gqlgen — wire these into every production handler
srv := handler.NewDefaultServer(es)
srv.Use(extension.FixedComplexityLimit(200)) // max cost per query

// Gate introspection — only in non-production environments
if os.Getenv("ENV") != "production" {
    srv.Use(extension.Introspection{})
}
```

For graph-gophers: `graphql.MaxDepth(10)` and `graphql.MaxParallelism(10)` options at `ParseSchema` time.

**Query allow-listing:** in production, consider persisted queries (gqlgen APQ extension) to reject arbitrary query strings.

## Common Mistakes

| Mistake | Why it matters | Fix |
| --- | --- | --- |
| N+1 queries in child resolvers | One SQL per parent row → O(n) DB calls | Use per-request DataLoader |
| Global DataLoader | Cross-request cache — stale data, data leaks | Create DataLoader in request middleware |
| Editing `models_gen.go` directly | Next `go generate` wipes hand edits | Use `autobind` or `models.<T>.model` in `gqlgen.yml` |
| Forgetting `go generate` after schema change | Resolver interface mismatch at compile time | Re-run `go run github.com/99designs/gqlgen generate` |
| `int` field in graph-gophers resolver | Library requires `int32` for `Int` scalar | Use `int32` (or `float64` for `Float`) |
| Introspection enabled in production | Exposes full schema to attackers | Gate with `ENV` check |
| No complexity cap | Deeply nested query → CPU/memory DoS | `extension.FixedComplexityLimit(N)` |
| Leaking DB errors from resolvers | Exposes SQL internals to clients | Wrap in `ErrorPresenter` / `ResolverError` |
| Subscription goroutine leak | Client disconnect → goroutine runs forever | `defer close(ch)` + `select ctx.Done()` |
| Nullable field for always-required data | Clients must null-check everywhere | Mark `!` in schema; return error from resolver |

## Deep Dives

- **[gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md)** — codegen workflow, `gqlgen.yml`, DataLoaders, Federation v2, directives
- **[graphql-go reference](./references/graphql-go.md)** — reflection resolver model, type mapping, tracing
- **[Testing](./references/testing.md)** — gqlgen client harness, gqltesting, httptest patterns

## Cross-References

- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-context` skill for context propagation in resolvers and subscriptions
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-error-handling` skill for error wrapping and sentinel patterns
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-testing` skill for table-driven and integration test patterns
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-observability` skill for tracing and metrics in resolvers
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-security` skill for input validation and injection prevention
- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-database` skill for N+1 query patterns and DataLoader database batching

## References

- [gqlgen](https://github.com/99designs/gqlgen)
- [graph-gophers/graphql-go](https://github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go)
- [Relay cursor connections spec](https://relay.dev/graphql/connections.htm)

If you encounter a bug or unexpected behavior in gqlgen, open an issue at https://github.com/99designs/gqlgen/issues.

If you encounter a bug or unexpected behavior in graph-gophers/graphql-go, open an issue at https://github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/issues.