---
name: implementing-semgrep-for-custom-sast-rules
description: Write custom Semgrep SAST rules in YAML to detect application-specific vulnerabilities, enforce coding standards,
  and integrate into CI/CD pipelines.
domain: cybersecurity
subdomain: devsecops
tags:
- semgrep
- sast
- static-analysis
- custom-rules
- devsecops
- code-security
version: '1.0'
author: mahipal
license: Apache-2.0
nist_csf:
- PR.PS-01
- GV.SC-07
- ID.IM-04
- PR.PS-04
---

# Implementing Semgrep for Custom SAST Rules

## Overview

Semgrep is an open-source static analysis tool that uses pattern-matching to find bugs, enforce code standards, and detect security vulnerabilities. Custom rules are written in YAML using Semgrep's pattern syntax, making it accessible without requiring compiler knowledge. It supports 30+ languages including Python, JavaScript, Go, Java, and C.


## When to Use

- When deploying or configuring implementing semgrep for custom sast rules capabilities in your environment
- When establishing security controls aligned to compliance requirements
- When building or improving security architecture for this domain
- When conducting security assessments that require this implementation

## Prerequisites

- Python 3.8+ or Docker
- Semgrep CLI installed
- Target codebase in a supported language

## Installation

```bash
# Install via pip
pip install semgrep

# Install via Homebrew
brew install semgrep

# Run via Docker
docker run -v "${PWD}:/src" returntocorp/semgrep semgrep --config auto /src

# Verify
semgrep --version
```

## Running Semgrep

```bash
# Auto-detect rules for your code
semgrep --config auto .

# Use Semgrep registry rules
semgrep --config r/python.lang.security

# Use custom rule file
semgrep --config my-rules.yaml .

# Use multiple configs
semgrep --config auto --config ./custom-rules/ .

# JSON output
semgrep --config auto --json . > results.json

# SARIF output for GitHub
semgrep --config auto --sarif . > results.sarif

# Filter by severity
semgrep --config auto --severity ERROR .
```

## Writing Custom Rules

### Basic Pattern Matching

```yaml
# rules/sql-injection.yaml
rules:
  - id: sql-injection-string-format
    languages: [python]
    severity: ERROR
    message: |
      Potential SQL injection via string formatting.
      Use parameterized queries instead.
    pattern: |
      cursor.execute(f"..." % ...)
    metadata:
      cwe: ["CWE-89"]
      owasp: ["A03:2021"]
      category: security
    fix: |
      cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", (user_id,))
```

### Pattern Operators

```yaml
rules:
  - id: hardcoded-secret-in-code
    languages: [python, javascript, typescript]
    severity: ERROR
    message: Hardcoded secret detected in source code
    patterns:
      - pattern-either:
          - pattern: $VAR = "..."
          - pattern: $VAR = '...'
      - metavariable-regex:
          metavariable: $VAR
          regex: (?i)(password|secret|api_key|token|aws_secret)
      - pattern-not: $VAR = ""
      - pattern-not: $VAR = "changeme"
      - pattern-not: $VAR = "PLACEHOLDER"
    metadata:
      cwe: ["CWE-798"]
      category: security
```

### Taint Analysis

```yaml
rules:
  - id: xss-taint-tracking
    languages: [python]
    severity: ERROR
    message: User input flows to HTML response without sanitization
    mode: taint
    pattern-sources:
      - pattern: request.args.get(...)
      - pattern: request.form.get(...)
      - pattern: request.form[...]
    pattern-sinks:
      - pattern: return render_template_string(...)
      - pattern: Markup(...)
    pattern-sanitizers:
      - pattern: bleach.clean(...)
      - pattern: escape(...)
    metadata:
      cwe: ["CWE-79"]
      owasp: ["A03:2021"]
```

### Multiple Language Rule

```yaml
rules:
  - id: insecure-random
    languages: [python, javascript, go, java]
    severity: WARNING
    message: |
      Using insecure random number generator. Use cryptographically
      secure alternatives for security-sensitive operations.
    pattern-either:
      # Python
      - pattern: random.random()
      - pattern: random.randint(...)
      # JavaScript
      - pattern: Math.random()
      # Go
      - pattern: math/rand.Intn(...)
      # Java
      - pattern: new java.util.Random()
    metadata:
      cwe: ["CWE-330"]
```

### Enforce Coding Standards

```yaml
rules:
  - id: require-error-handling
    languages: [go]
    severity: WARNING
    message: Error return value not checked
    pattern: |
      $VAR, _ := $FUNC(...)
    fix: |
      $VAR, err := $FUNC(...)
      if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("$FUNC failed: %w", err)
      }

  - id: no-console-log-in-production
    languages: [javascript, typescript]
    severity: WARNING
    message: Remove console.log before merging to production
    pattern: console.log(...)
    paths:
      exclude:
        - "tests/*"
        - "*.test.*"
```

### JWT Security Rules

```yaml
rules:
  - id: jwt-none-algorithm
    languages: [python]
    severity: ERROR
    message: JWT decoded without algorithm verification - allows token forgery
    patterns:
      - pattern: jwt.decode($TOKEN, ..., algorithms=["none"], ...)
    metadata:
      cwe: ["CWE-347"]

  - id: jwt-no-verification
    languages: [python]
    severity: ERROR
    message: JWT decoded with verification disabled
    patterns:
      - pattern: jwt.decode($TOKEN, ..., options={"verify_signature": False}, ...)
    metadata:
      cwe: ["CWE-345"]
```

## Rule Testing

```yaml
# rules/test-sql-injection.yaml
rules:
  - id: sql-injection-format-string
    languages: [python]
    severity: ERROR
    message: SQL injection via format string
    pattern: |
      cursor.execute(f"...{$VAR}...")

# Test annotation in test file:
# test-sql-injection.py
def bad_query(user_id):
    # ruleid: sql-injection-format-string
    cursor.execute(f"SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = {user_id}")

def good_query(user_id):
    # ok: sql-injection-format-string
    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = %s", (user_id,))
```

```bash
# Run rule tests
semgrep --test rules/

# Test specific rule
semgrep --config rules/sql-injection.yaml --test
```

## CI/CD Integration

### GitHub Actions

```yaml
name: Semgrep SAST
on: [pull_request]

jobs:
  semgrep:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container:
      image: returntocorp/semgrep
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Run Semgrep
        run: |
          semgrep --config auto \
            --config ./custom-rules/ \
            --sarif --output results.sarif \
            --severity ERROR \
            .

      - name: Upload SARIF
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        with:
          sarif_file: results.sarif
```

### GitLab CI

```yaml
semgrep:
  stage: test
  image: returntocorp/semgrep
  script:
    - semgrep --config auto --config ./custom-rules/ --json --output semgrep.json .
  artifacts:
    reports:
      sast: semgrep.json
```

## Configuration File

```yaml
# .semgrep.yaml
rules:
  - id: my-org-rules
    # ... rules here

# .semgrepignore
tests/
node_modules/
vendor/
*.min.js
```

## Best Practices

1. **Start with auto config** then add custom rules for org-specific patterns
2. **Test rules** with `# ruleid:` and `# ok:` annotations
3. **Use taint mode** for data flow vulnerabilities (XSS, SQLi, SSRF)
4. **Include metadata** (CWE, OWASP) for vulnerability classification
5. **Provide fix suggestions** with the `fix` key where possible
6. **Exclude test files** to reduce false positives
7. **Version control rules** in a shared repository
8. **Run in CI as a blocking check** for ERROR severity findings