---
name: perf-expert-parallel-overlap
description: Validate and use MoE expert-parallel communication overlap in Megatron-Bridge, including overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm, delay_wgrad_compute, and flex dispatcher backends such as DeepEP and HybridEP.
when_to_use: Enabling EP overlap to hide dispatch/combine latency, or tracing a throughput regression to an EP overlap config change; 'overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm', 'delay_wgrad_compute', 'flex dispatcher', 'DeepEP overlap', 'HybridEP overlap'.
---

# MoE Expert-Parallel Overlap Skill

Stable docs: @docs/training/communication-overlap.md
Card: @skills/perf-expert-parallel-overlap/card.yaml

## References

- Stable docs: @docs/training/communication-overlap.md
- Structured metadata: @skills/perf-expert-parallel-overlap/card.yaml

## What It Is

Expert-parallel (EP) overlap hides the cost of token dispatch/combine all-to-all
communication by running it concurrently with expert FFN compute. Optionally,
delayed expert weight-gradient computation (`delay_wgrad_compute`) provides
additional overlap by deferring wgrad to overlap with the next layer's forward.

Bridge supports two dispatcher paths:

| Dispatcher | Backend | When to use |
|---|---|---|
| `alltoall` | Standard MoE all-to-all | Default, broadest compatibility |
| `flex` | DeepEP or HybridEP | Higher overlap on Ampere/Hopper/Blackwell |

## Quick Decision

Use EP overlap when:

- the model is MoE with `EP > 1`
- expert dispatch/combine communication is a meaningful part of step time
- you have memory headroom and are tuning for throughput

Prefer:

- `alltoall` dispatcher for the first rollout (broader compatibility)
- `flex` + DeepEP/HybridEP when running on supported GPUs and seeking
  additional gains

Avoid EP overlap when:

- full activation recompute is enabled
- `moe_shared_expert_overlap` is enabled
- the run is still being brought up for correctness
- PyTorch < 2.6.0

Expected outcome:

- if all-to-all dispatch is a clear profile bottleneck, overlap can produce a
  modest to meaningful speedup
- if the run is tiny, communication-light, or dominated by another wall, the
  gain may be negligible

## Enablement

### alltoall dispatcher

```python
cfg.comm_overlap.overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm = True
cfg.comm_overlap.delay_wgrad_compute = True
cfg.model.moe_shared_expert_overlap = False

cfg.model.expert_model_parallel_size = 8
cfg.model.num_moe_experts = 64
cfg.model.moe_token_dispatcher_type = "alltoall"
cfg.model.bf16 = True
cfg.model.fp16 = False
```

### flex dispatcher (DeepEP or HybridEP)

```python
from megatron.bridge.training.flex_dispatcher_backend import apply_flex_dispatcher_backend

cfg.comm_overlap.overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm = True
cfg.comm_overlap.delay_wgrad_compute = True
cfg.model.moe_shared_expert_overlap = False

apply_flex_dispatcher_backend(cfg.model, moe_flex_dispatcher_backend="deepep")
# or: apply_flex_dispatcher_backend(cfg.model, moe_flex_dispatcher_backend="hybridep")
```

## Compatibility And Constraints

- `expert_model_parallel_size > 1`
- `num_moe_experts > 1`
- `moe_token_dispatcher_type` must be `"alltoall"` or `"flex"`
- `moe_shared_expert_overlap = False`
- Base precision is BF16 or FP16
- PyTorch `>= 2.6.0`
- If `PP > 1`, `virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size` must be set
- `recompute_granularity != "full"`, `recompute_method = None`,
  `recompute_num_layers = None`
- `mtp_num_layers` must be `None` or `1`
- `delay_wgrad_compute` requires `overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm` as a
  prerequisite
- `delay_wgrad_compute` with `overlap_grad_reduce` requires TE >= 2.7.0
- `delay_wgrad_compute` with `gradient_accumulation_fusion` requires TE >= 2.7.0
- CUDA graph `attn` scope + `delay_wgrad_compute` requires TE >= 2.12.0,
  `gradient_accumulation_fusion = True`, and no attention bias
- DeepEP: Ampere, Hopper, B200, B300 GPUs only
- HybridEP: Ampere, Hopper, B200, B300, GB200/GB300 with NVL72

## Minimal Working Config

```python
cfg.comm_overlap.overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm = True
cfg.comm_overlap.delay_wgrad_compute = False
cfg.model.expert_model_parallel_size = 4
cfg.model.num_moe_experts = 64
cfg.model.moe_token_dispatcher_type = "alltoall"
cfg.model.moe_shared_expert_overlap = False
cfg.model.bf16 = True
```

Use this as the correctness-first starting point. Add delayed wgrad, flex
dispatch, and CUDA-graph interactions only after the plain overlap path is
known to work.

## Measured Short-Run Evidence

A 2026-05-18 current-main H100 x16 Qwen3 30B-A3B mock pretraining run used
`EP=16`, `alltoall`, BF16, global batch size 1024, CUDA graphs disabled, and
`moe_permute_fusion=false`. With iterations 3-8 as the steady window:

| Case | Steady mean | Relative |
|---|---:|---:|
| no EP overlap | 41.25s | 1.000x |
| EP overlap | 31.31s | 1.317x |
| EP overlap plus `delay_wgrad_compute` | 31.20s | 1.322x |

This is evidence for enabling plain EP overlap on this inter-node all-to-all
shape. It does not show a meaningful independent win from delayed wgrad, and it
does not validate fused MoE permutation because that path was disabled for the
runtime stack.

## Minimal Runnable Command

Performance harness example inside a Slurm allocation. Keep the model,
parallelism, dispatcher, and runtime fixed, and vary only the two overlap
overrides:

```bash
uv run python scripts/performance/run_script.py \
  -m qwen \
  -mr qwen3_30b_a3b \
  --task pretrain \
  -g h100 \
  -c bf16 \
  -ng 16 \
  -gn 8 \
  --max_steps 8 \
  --config_variant v1 \
  --cuda_graph_impl none \
  --moe_flex_dispatcher_backend None \
  --moe_a2a_overlap false \
  --tokenizer_type NullTokenizer \
  comm_overlap.overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm=true \
  comm_overlap.delay_wgrad_compute=false \
  model.moe_shared_expert_overlap=false
```

Do not use `--moe_a2a_overlap true` when separating plain EP overlap from
delayed wgrad: the performance harness helper enables both
`overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm` and `delay_wgrad_compute`.

Unit test verification:

```bash
uv run python -m pytest \
  tests/unit_tests/training/test_comm_overlap.py -k "moe" \
  tests/unit_tests/training/test_deepep.py -q
```

## Verification

### Unit tests

```bash
uv run python -m pytest \
  tests/unit_tests/training/test_comm_overlap.py \
  tests/unit_tests/training/test_deepep.py -q
```

### Log checks

After a successful run with EP overlap:

1. Confirm no assertion errors during `CommOverlapConfig` finalization
2. Confirm `overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm` appears as `True` in the logged
   config
3. If using flex dispatcher, confirm `moe_token_dispatcher_type = "flex"` and
   the correct backend in logs

### Success criteria

- Config validation passes for the selected dispatcher and overlap settings
- Training runs complete without hangs or assertion failures
- Throughput improves or at least does not regress for the target workload
- Loss trajectory matches baseline (overlap should not affect convergence)

## Code Anchors

### Bridge overlap validation

```470:505:src/megatron/bridge/training/comm_overlap.py
if self.user_comm_overlap_cfg.overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm is True:
    assert model_cfg.expert_model_parallel_size > 1, ...
    assert model_cfg.num_moe_experts > 1, ...
    assert model_cfg.moe_token_dispatcher_type in ["alltoall", "flex"], ...
    assert model_cfg.bf16 or model_cfg.fp16, ...
    assert is_torch_min_version("2.6.0"), ...
    # ... PP + VPP check, recompute checks, shared_expert_overlap check ...
```

### Delayed wgrad validation

```507:557:src/megatron/bridge/training/comm_overlap.py
if self.user_comm_overlap_cfg.delay_wgrad_compute is True:
    # TE version checks for overlap_grad_reduce and gradient_accumulation_fusion
    # CUDA graph scope validations for delayed wgrad
    assert overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm, ...
```

### Flex-dispatcher activation

```27:72:src/megatron/bridge/training/flex_dispatcher_backend.py
def apply_flex_dispatcher_backend(...):
    # GPU architecture check for DeepEP / HybridEP
    model_config.moe_token_dispatcher_type = "flex"
    model_config.moe_flex_dispatcher_backend = moe_flex_dispatcher_backend
    model_config.moe_shared_expert_overlap = False
```

### Perf harness override

```149:156:scripts/performance/utils/overrides.py
def _set_moe_a2a_overlap_overrides(recipe, moe_a2a_overlap=False):
    if moe_a2a_overlap:
        recipe.comm_overlap.overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm = True
        recipe.comm_overlap.delay_wgrad_compute = True
        recipe.model.moe_shared_expert_overlap = False
```

### Tests

| File | Coverage |
|---|---|
| `tests/unit_tests/training/test_comm_overlap.py` | EP overlap validation, delayed wgrad, CUDA graph + wgrad interaction |
| `tests/unit_tests/training/test_deepep.py` | DeepEP/HybridEP helper activation and GPU gating |

## Failure Diagnosis

| Symptom | Likely Cause | How To Confirm | Fix |
|---|---|---|---|
| assert `expert_model_parallel_size > 1` | EP not configured | Check `expert_model_parallel_size` | Set EP > 1 |
| assert `moe_token_dispatcher_type` | Wrong dispatcher | Check dispatcher type | Use `"alltoall"` or `"flex"` |
| assert on BF16/FP16 | Wrong precision | Check `bf16` and `fp16` | Set `bf16 = True` |
| hang during training | PyTorch < 2.6 | Check PyTorch version | Upgrade to >= 2.6.0 |
| assert `virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size` | PP > 1 without VPP | Check PP and VPP config | Set VPP when PP > 1 |
| assert `recompute_granularity` | Full recompute enabled | Check recompute settings | Disable full recompute |
| assert `overlap_moe_expert_parallel_comm required` | delayed wgrad without EP overlap | Check `delay_wgrad_compute` without overlap | Enable EP overlap first |
| assert `gradient_accumulation_fusion` | CUDA graph + delayed wgrad | Check graph scope + wgrad settings | Enable `gradient_accumulation_fusion` |
| assert on attention bias | CUDA graph attn + delayed wgrad + bias | Check `add_bias_linear` / `add_qkv_bias` | Disable attention bias |
| no throughput gain from flex dispatcher | `apply_flex_dispatcher_backend` not called | Check `moe_token_dispatcher_type` in logs | Call `apply_flex_dispatcher_backend(...)` |
| DeepEP/HybridEP silently skipped | Unsupported GPU | Check warning logs | Run on Ampere/Hopper/Blackwell |

## Known Limitations

- Setting `moe_flex_dispatcher_backend` alone does not activate flex dispatch —
  you must call `apply_flex_dispatcher_backend(...)`.
- Public recipes are often conservative and leave MoE overlap disabled by
  default.
- End-to-end throughput gains have not yet been measured in a controlled Bridge
  experiment for every model family. Code validation is stronger than a single
  universal performance claim.
- MoE overlap and shared-expert overlap are mutually exclusive.
- CUDA graph plus delayed wgrad is a multi-constraint path that requires
  careful TE version and scope validation.