---
name: perf-parallelism-strategies
description: Operational guide for choosing and combining parallelism strategies in Megatron Bridge, including sizing rules, hardware topology mapping, and combined parallelism configuration.
when_to_use: Choosing or sizing TP/DP/PP/CP/EP degrees, or tracing an OOM or regression to a parallelism config change; 'how to parallelize', 'tensor parallel', 'pipeline parallel', 'parallelism config', 'which parallelism for X GPUs'.
---

# Parallelism Strategy Selection Skill

For stable background on each parallelism type, see:

- @docs/parallelisms.md
- @skills/perf-parallelism-strategies/card.yaml

## Decision by Model Size

### Dense models

| Model size | GPUs | Recommended starting point |
|---|---|---|
| < 1B | 1-8 | DP only |
| 1-10B | 8-16 | TP=2-4 + DP |
| 10-70B | 16-64 | TP=4-8 + PP=2-4 + DP |
| 70-175B | 64-256 | TP=8 + PP=4-8 + DP |
| 175-500B | 256-1024 | TP=8 + PP=8-16 + CP=2 + DP |

### MoE models

MoE parallelism differs from dense models. Because only a fraction of
parameters are active per token, TP can often stay at 1 or 2 — the active
parameter shard already fits on a single GPU. EP is the primary scaling
dimension, with PP handling cross-node layer distribution.

| Model (total / active) | TP | PP | EP | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLMoE 7B / 1B | 1 | 1 | 8 | EP only, fits single node |
| Moonlight 16B / 3B | 2 | 1 | 8 | small TP for shared layers |
| DeepSeek-V2 236B / 21B | 1 | 4 | 32 | no TP at all |
| GLM-4.5 Air 106B / 12B | 1 | 4 | 8 | no TP at all |
| Qwen3 30B-A3B | 4 | 2 | 4 | |
| GLM-4.5 355B / 32B | 2 | 8 | 16 | |
| Qwen3 235B-A22B | 4 | 16 | 8 | CP=2 for pretrain |
| DeepSeek-V3 671B / 37B | 2 | 16 | 64 | TP=2, not 8 |
| Kimi-K2 1T | 2 | 16 | 32 | |

Key patterns:

- TP is sized by **active** params, not total params. A 671B MoE with
  37B active needs far less TP than a 70B dense model.
- EP scales with expert count. Common: EP = num_experts or
  num_experts / experts_per_gpu.
- PP handles depth. Large MoE models use PP=8-16 across nodes.
- ETP (expert tensor parallelism) is rarely used. Llama 4 is an
  exception (ETP=4).

These are starting points, not hard rules. Always profile the first
iteration to verify memory and communication.

## Decision by Hardware Topology

Single node with NVLink:

```python
cfg.model.tensor_model_parallel_size = 8
```

Multiple nodes with InfiniBand:

```python
cfg.model.tensor_model_parallel_size = 8
cfg.model.pipeline_model_parallel_size = N
```

Limited network (Ethernet):

```python
cfg.model.tensor_model_parallel_size = 4
cfg.model.pipeline_model_parallel_size = M
```

The stable rule is: keep TP within a single NVLink domain. Use PP or DP
for cross-node scaling. TP across nodes is almost always a performance
loss.

## Decision by Sequence Length

| Sequence length | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| < 2K | standard TP + PP + DP |
| 2K-8K | add SP (`sequence_parallel=True`) |
| 8K-32K | add CP=2 |
| 32K+ | add CP=4-8, consider `a2a+p2p` for large CP |

## Combined Parallelism Enablement

3D parallelism (TP + PP + DP):

```python
cfg.model.tensor_model_parallel_size = 4
cfg.model.pipeline_model_parallel_size = 4
cfg.model.sequence_parallel = True
```

4D parallelism (TP + PP + CP + DP):

```python
cfg.model.tensor_model_parallel_size = 8
cfg.model.pipeline_model_parallel_size = 8
cfg.model.context_parallel_size = 2
cfg.model.sequence_parallel = True
```

MoE with EP + PP (e.g. DeepSeek-V2 236B on 128 GPUs):

```python
cfg.model.tensor_model_parallel_size = 1
cfg.model.pipeline_model_parallel_size = 4
cfg.model.expert_model_parallel_size = 32
cfg.model.sequence_parallel = False
```

MoE with small TP + PP + EP (e.g. DeepSeek-V3 671B on 256 GPUs):

```python
cfg.model.tensor_model_parallel_size = 2
cfg.model.pipeline_model_parallel_size = 16
cfg.model.expert_model_parallel_size = 64
cfg.model.sequence_parallel = True
```

DP size is always implicit:

```
data_parallel_size = world_size / (TP * PP * CP)        # dense path
expert_data_parallel_size = world_size / (PP * EP * ETP) # MoE path
```

## Minimum GPU Count

The **minimum** GPUs needed to run a config (i.e. with `DP=1`, `EDP=1`)
is **not** the product of all parallelism dimensions. The dense path uses
a `TP*CP`-mesh and the MoE path uses an `EP*ETP`-mesh, and within each PP
stage these two meshes share the same set of GPUs — they overlap, they
don't multiply. Only PP stages multiply (they're disjoint slices of the
model). So:

```
min_gpus = PP * max(TP * CP, EP * ETP)
```

**Common simplification (WRONG):** `PP * TP * CP * EP * ETP`. This
over-allocates GPUs and shows up in many READMEs and slurm sizing tables.
Don't propagate it.

The decoupling of attention and MoE parallelism (different mesh shapes
for the dense and expert paths sharing the same PP-stage GPUs) is
detailed in
[Pangu Ultra MoE (arXiv:2504.14960)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.14960).

### Examples

| Config | Wrong (PP·TP·CP·EP·ETP) | Correct (PP·max(TP·CP, EP·ETP)) |
|---|---|---|
| PP=1, TP=2, CP=1, EP=8, ETP=1 | 16 | **8** (1 node) |
| PP=1, TP=4, CP=1, EP=8, ETP=1 | 32 | **8** (max(4, 8)) |
| PP=1, TP=2, CP=2, EP=8, ETP=1 | 32 | **8** (max(4, 8)) |
| PP=1, TP=2, CP=4, EP=8, ETP=1 | 64 | **8** (max(8, 8)) |
| PP=2, TP=2, CP=1, EP=8, ETP=1 | 32 | **16** (2 · max(2, 8)) |
| PP=1, TP=2, CP=1, EP=4, ETP=2 | 16 | **8** (max(2, 8)) |

### Scaling above the minimum

Adding GPUs scales `DP` and/or `EDP` (the `world_size` must satisfy
both equations simultaneously). At `min_gpus` the larger-mesh side has
DP (or EDP) = 1 and the smaller side absorbs the slack.

Example — TP=2, CP=1, EP=8, ETP=1, PP=1:

- **8 GPUs** (`min_gpus`): dense `DP = 8/2 = 4`, MoE `EDP = 8/8 = 1`
- **16 GPUs**: dense `DP = 8`, MoE `EDP = 2` → 2× global batch
- **32 GPUs**: dense `DP = 16`, MoE `EDP = 4` → 4× global batch

When sizing slurm scripts, compute `--nodes` from `min_gpus` (or a
multiple of it for higher throughput via DP/EDP).

## Memory Estimation

Without parallelism (70B model, FP16):

```
parameters:       140 GB
gradients:        140 GB
optimizer states: 280 GB (Adam)
activations:       48 GB (batch=1, seq=4K)
total:            608 GB
```

With TP=4, PP=4, DP=4 (64 GPUs):

```
parameters:        8.75 GB per GPU
gradients:         8.75 GB per GPU
optimizer states: 17.50 GB per GPU
activations:       3.00 GB per GPU
total:           ~38    GB per GPU
```

## Code Anchors

Parallelism dimensions set in model provider:

```66:81:docs/parallelisms.md
model_config = GPTModelProvider(
    tensor_model_parallel_size=2,
    # ... other model parameters
)
```

DP size calculation:

```424:436:docs/parallelisms.md
data_parallel_size = world_size / (tensor_model_parallel_size × pipeline_model_parallel_size × context_parallel_size)
```

Bridge initialization wires parallelism into process groups:

```618:628:src/megatron/bridge/training/initialize.py
parallel_state.initialize_model_parallel(
    tensor_model_parallel_size=model_config.tensor_model_parallel_size,
    pipeline_model_parallel_size=model_config.pipeline_model_parallel_size,
    ...
    context_parallel_size=model_config.context_parallel_size,
    hierarchical_context_parallel_sizes=model_config.hierarchical_context_parallel_sizes,
    expert_model_parallel_size=model_config.expert_model_parallel_size,
    ...
)
```

## Pitfalls

1. TP across nodes destroys throughput. Always keep TP within a single
   NVLink domain.

2. PP without interleaving has large pipeline bubbles. Use
   `virtual_pipeline_model_parallel_size` when possible.

3. SP requires `tensor_model_parallel_size > 1`. Enabling SP alone
   without TP is a config error.

4. CP requires `seq_length % (2 * context_parallel_size) == 0`.

5. EP is only for MoE models. Setting `expert_model_parallel_size` on a
   dense model is a no-op or error.

6. The model-size-to-parallelism table above is a starting heuristic.
   Always profile the first iteration to check memory and communication.

7. `CUDA_DEVICE_MAX_CONNECTIONS` and related env vars interact with
   overlap settings. See @skills/perf-tp-dp-comm-overlap/SKILL.md.

8. The minimum GPU count for an MoE config is `PP * max(TP*CP, EP*ETP)`,
   not the product of all dimensions. The dense `TP*CP`-mesh and MoE
   `EP*ETP`-mesh share the same GPUs in each PP stage. See
   "Minimum GPU Count" section above.

## Verification

Quick sanity check that combined parallelism initializes correctly using
the smallest available recipe with overridden parallelism:

```bash
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3 uv run python -m torch.distributed.run --nproc_per_node=4 \
  scripts/training/run_recipe.py \
  --recipe llama32_1b_pretrain_config \
  model.tensor_model_parallel_size=2 \
  model.pipeline_model_parallel_size=2 \
  model.sequence_parallel=True \
  train.train_iters=3 train.global_batch_size=8 train.micro_batch_size=1 \
  scheduler.lr_warmup_iters=0 \
  validation.eval_iters=0 validation.eval_interval=0 \
  checkpoint.save_interval=0 \
  logger.log_interval=1
```

Success criteria:

- exit code 0
- finite loss at iteration 3 (e.g. `lm loss: 1.003808E+01`)
- log shows TP=2 PP=2 DP=1 layout with 4 ranks