---
name: persuading
description: Extracts genuine value from a subject and frames it so the right audience recognises it. Use when producing LinkedIn posts, pitch narratives, cover letters, proposals, case studies, or positioning statements. Not for general writing guidance, negotiation, or copywriting templates.
---

# Persuading

A specialisation of communicating-in-writing for making genuine value visible. Medium freedom: follow **extract → frame → express** in order — skipping extraction and going straight to expression is the most common cause of value communication that fails — but adapt each phase's depth to the mode and context.

## Why value communication fails

Three systematic miscalibrations. They are calibration problems, not character flaws; the methodology corrects them structurally:

- **Curse of knowledge** — experts skip context, assume shared vocabulary, and abstract where they should concretise, mistaking their own fluency for the subject's simplicity.
- **Visibility gap** — people underinvest in making their value visible, then overestimate how apparent it already is. Excellent work does not advertise itself.
- **Empathy gap** — self-promoters overestimate positive reactions and underestimate negative ones, producing either silence or miscalibrated noise.

## Modes

- **Preparation** — dialogue with a user preparing a pitch or positioning decision; gather subject, audience, goal, and context through conversation. Output: a positioning strategy — the value, the frame, talking points.
- **Review** — diagnosing existing content. Audit it against the three phases before revising: which does it fail, and why? Fix root causes, not surface symptoms. Audience and goal must still be established.
- **Agent** — producing persuasive content autonomously from a brief; subject, audience, goal, and context must be provided upfront. Output: the finished artefact.

## Phase 1 — Extract

Excavate the genuine value before attempting to communicate it.

**Identify the real job being done.** People hire products and people to get a job done, not for features and credentials:

- Functional — what practical task does this solve?
- Emotional — how does the audience want to *feel* after this? (confident, relieved, respected, safe)
- Social — how do they want to be *perceived* by others for this decision?

Most value communication addresses only the functional job; the emotional and social jobs are often stronger motivators. Surface all three and identify which is primary for this audience.

**Map the competitive landscape** — Dunford's five questions:

1. What would the audience do if this didn't exist? (real alternatives, not imagined ones)
2. What does this offer that those alternatives genuinely lack?
3. What outcomes does that translate to — not capabilities?
4. Which audience segment genuinely cares about that value?
5. Which framing makes the strengths self-evident before any argument is made?

The alternatives question matters most: people never evaluate anything in isolation. Control what they compare against, and you control the evaluation.

**Apply the "So What?" test to every claimed benefit** until you reach a genuine human outcome: "Five years in distributed systems" → so what? → "Deployment failures down 60% in three production environments" → so what? → "The team ships faster and the on-call rotation sleeps." The end of that chain is what belongs in the communication.

**Clear curse-of-knowledge symptoms:** any term the audience doesn't know, any context they don't have — what would a stranger reading this cold be confused by?

## Phase 2 — Frame

Determine the evaluative context before choosing what to say.

**Choose the right category.** Category choice triggers assumptions — about price, alternatives, expectations — before any other communication occurs. "Senior developer" activates different assumptions than "platform engineer who has led three zero-downtime migrations — the person you call when the deploy can't fail": the second narrows the category, names the outcome, and implies the audience. Be the best option in a narrower frame rather than an average option in a broad one.

**Control the reference point.** Decide explicitly what the audience should compare this against: the status quo as benchmark, then the improvement — or the cost of inaction, then the alternative. Loss framing often motivates more than gain framing, but the right choice depends on the audience's current state. The reference point is a choice, not a given.

**Position the subject as guide, not protagonist.** The audience is the hero. Instead of "I have 10 years of experience in X", name the audience's problem and the transformation they want, show you understand it, then provide the evidence that makes you the credible guide to it.

**Sequence emotion before evidence.** The audience's felt response shapes their reception of the argument before they consciously consider it. Order: (1) show you understand their situation, (2) surface the problem or tension, (3) deliver the evidence and argument. Evidence before emotional recognition lands poorly — the audience hasn't yet agreed there is a problem worth solving.

## Phase 3 — Express

**Apply the SUCCESs diagnostic** before and after drafting:

| Dimension | Test | Common failure |
|-----------|------|----------------|
| Simple | One core claim — the single thing the audience must remember | Too many messages |
| Unexpected | Does the opening violate a predictable expectation? | Predictable framing |
| Concrete | Specific numbers, names, outcomes, sensory details? | Abstract language |
| Credible | Can the claims be verified? Is there proof? | Unverifiable assertions |
| Emotional | Does something connect to what the audience cares about? | Rational-only appeals |
| Stories | A narrative arc — situation, complication, resolution? | Lists of facts |

Mediocre content actively harms credibility in saturated contexts; rare excellent content compounds. The quality bar matters.

**Lead with the answer, build with evidence.** Core claim first. Exception — deliberate, not default: when the audience needs preparation before they can accept the claim (strongly contrary to current belief, difficult news), build briefly to it.

**Build credibility through Proof + People + Place** — three signals that multiply when combined; check all three in any high-stakes communication:

- **Proof** — verifiable data, specific outcomes, quantified results
- **People** — third-party validation: testimonials, endorsements, citations, who else says this
- **Place** — contextual grounding: where this happened, in what conditions, for whom

**Generate third-party validation** rather than self-asserting — it is more credible and psychologically cheaper: request recommendations for specific outcomes rather than general praise, quote case studies instead of claiming abstractly, co-create with respected collaborators, cite who has endorsed the work before making claims about it.

**Apply the Grunt Test before finishing.** Could someone with no prior knowledge understand what is offered and why they should care within five seconds? If not, the problem is clarity, not the offer — revise the opening until it passes.

## Self-promotion discomfort

Three reframes for people who find self-promotion uncomfortable:

- **Your discomfort is invisible; so is your value.** People dramatically overestimate how visible their internal states are to others — and how visible their credentials are. Both effects run the same direction: communicate more, not less.
- **The discomfort is unevenly distributed.** Backlash risk is socialised, not strategic, so "just be more confident" is structurally inadequate advice. Build structures that generate third-party validation instead — this bypasses the psychological cost without sacrificing visibility.
- **Demonstrating is not declaring.** Writing, case studies, and teaching create visible evidence that audiences evaluate directly — self-promotion that does not feel like self-promotion, and more trusted than direct marketing.

## Anti-patterns that backfire

- **Humblebragging** — bragging masked by complaint or false humility reads as insincere and rates worse than straightforward bragging on likability and competence. Acknowledge achievements directly, or let someone else do it.
- **Over-claiming without substance** — positioning that outpaces the evidence triggers backlash when the gap is detected; surface authenticity signals (casual tone, behind-the-scenes content) without substance make it worse. Under-claim and over-deliver: reputation compounds, and a credibility collapse takes years to recover from.
- **Category over-reach** — "best in class" in a category dominated by well-known alternatives is noise; "best for [specific segment]" in a narrower frame can be meaningful.
- **Credential-leading** — listing qualifications before establishing the audience's problem fails twice: it talks about you while the audience thinks about themselves, and it leaves the credential-to-outcome translation unfinished. Problem, outcome, then credential as evidence.
- **Performative authenticity** — "real" and "authentic" as explicit claims are red flags to an audience already sceptical of marketing language. Authenticity is a perception produced by consistent behaviour and verifiable substance; it cannot be asserted.

## Final check

- If someone from the audience read this cold, what would confuse them? What would they not believe?
- What is the strongest objection to this communication, and is it addressed?
- Does it ask for one thing, clearly, at the end?

## Edge cases

- **No genuine differentiation:** do not position around strengths that don't exist. The honest diagnosis is that the value is not yet communicable because it hasn't been built — redirect to building a track record. The skill makes real value visible; it cannot make weak value appear strong.
- **Hostile or sceptical audience:** lead with areas of agreement, establish shared stakes before the contested claim, weight third-party validation over direct assertion. Open with the least objectionable argument, not the strongest.
- **Direct self-assertion structurally impossible** (anonymous submissions, regulated industries): the methodology holds; the channel changes — work samples speak, referees assert, portfolio items demonstrate.
- **Genuinely novel subject, no existing category:** create the category before competing in it — name the problem, demonstrate it exists, then introduce the solution. The audience cannot evaluate what they cannot name.